Favelas Media Production and Self-Representation in Rocinha, Rio de Janeiro
Brazil was living under the weight of authoritarian rule, a military dictatorship that continued from 1964 through 1985, and soon will be 30 years since the restoration of democracy. Yet, corruption and impunity undermine the rule of law. «These failings rest at the very heart of the distrust of the people toward government, politics, and politicians – in fact the entire political milieu» and in the meantime the phenomenon that goes by the name(s) of clientelism(s). (Perlman: X, Foreword; developed in Gay: 17-18, Concluding remarks). Looking at an important prior pivotal point, for example the summer of 1962, there were various times of great political ferment in Brazil. «Compelling issue was how to create a system that would overcome the failures of both capitalism and communism. Everywhere […] there were heated discussions of reformas de base (structural reforms) such as land and tax reforms». (Perlman: XIV, Preface) What numerous favela-focused studies unmistakably show and testify is that «each individual possesses skills and capacities» and «every community has resources of trust, solidarity, and reciprocity[; t]his change in perspective drastically recasts public policies». In the words of the former president Fernando Cardoso: «The focus on liabilities leads to assistance and enhances dependency. Investment in peoples’ assets sets into motion a sustainable process of individual and collective empowerment». (Perlman: X, Foreword) Favelas, shanty-towns, slums (etc.) «which are generally built incrementally by the residents on unused or undesirable lands, do not conform to the norms, standards, and zoning regulations of the “formal city” […], but they are an integral part of the urban economy, society, and polity. In many cases and for many reasons, including a bogged-down bureaucracy and antiquated permit process, they are becoming the norm rather than the exception in many cities». (Perlman: 8) Despite decades of policy interventions, inter-governmental and community-based interventions, the growth of informal settlements continues to outpace that of the cities at large. «New communities spring up faster than existing ones are upgraded or linked into urban service networks. […] And marginalizing four of every ten urbanites in the global South has negative repercussions for personal security and environmental sustainability that reach well beyond the confines of any single city or metropolitan region. High levels of inequality are associated with the epidemic of violence that is constraining the conviviality and trust needed […]». (Perlman: 8) This holds true especially now that violence and power balances are being wrestled by and contended among “pacification” police forces and drug lords. Intellectual discourses already «see community media as a tool for oppressed, marginalised or ordinary people to express their opinions and concerns, be it miners’ radio in Bolivia […], indigenous media in Australia […], or multi-cultural and women’s radios in Europe […]». (Medrado, 2007: 123) Speaking with more optimism about community media activists and the prospect of citizens gaining access to the media, it could be argued «an urgent need for activism in the face of ‘blockages of public expression’, such as the “dynamic of capitalist economy”, “institutionalized racist and patriarchal codes” and other “hegemonic codes”. […] Community media emerges as an “effective strategy” in the “global struggle to democratize communication and ensure local autonomy in the wake of rampant media privatisation and consolidation.”» (Medrado, 2007: 123-124) «Slum, semi-slum, and superslum … to this has come the evolution of cities.»